Research Publications on Interviewing and Interrogation

Updated August 2024

The publications below were produced from research contracts funded by the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in these publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. government.


  1. Abbe, A., & Brandon, S. E. (2013). The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: A review. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10(3), 237-249. 

  2. Abbe, A., & Brandon, S. E. (2014). Building and maintaining rapport in investigative interviews. Police Practice and Research, 15(3), 207-220. 

  3. Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., & Christiansen, P. (2013). Why tough tactics fail and rapport gets results: Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques (ORBIT) to generate useful information from terrorists. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(4), 411-431. 

  4. Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., Waring, S., & Christiansen, P. (2014). The efficacy of rapport-based techniques for minimizing counter-interrogation tactics amongst a field sample of terrorists. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(4), 421- 430. 

  5. Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., Waring, S., & Christiansen, P. (2014). Whatever you say, say nothing: Individual differences in counter interrogation tactics amongst a field sample of right wing, AQ inspired, and paramilitary terrorists. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 170-175. 

  6. Alison, L., Barret-Pink, C., Surmon-Bohr, F., Shortland, N. D., Alison, E. K., & Christiansen, P. (2020). How to build rapport: Assessing the effectiveness of ORBIT training with police interviewers. In L. Alison, E. Alison, N. Shortland, & F. Surmon-Bohr (Eds.), ORBIT: The science of rapport-based interviewing for law enforcement, security, and military (pp. 166-181). Oxford University Press.

  7. Alison, L., Giles, S., & McGuire, G. (2015). Blood from a stone: Why rapport works and torture doesn't in "enhanced" interrogations. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 7(2), 5-23. 

  8. Bhatt, S., & Brandon, S. (2015). Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in investigative interviewing: Recommended alternative methods. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 7(2), 52-64. 

  9. Boyd, R. L., Blackburn, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2020). The narrative arc: Revealing core narrative structures through text analysis. Science Advances, 6(32). 

  10. Brandon, S. (Ed.) (2013). A practitioner’s guidebook to interviewing. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

  11. Brandon, S. (Ed.) (2013). A researcher's guidebook to interviewing. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

  12. Brimbal, L., Bradford, B., Jackson, J., Hartwig, M., & Joseph, E. (2020). On the importance of a procedurally fair organizational climate for openness to change in law enforcement. Law and Human Behavior, 44(5), 394-411. 

  13. Brimbal, L., Dianiska, R. E., Swanner, J. K., & Meissner, C. A. (2019). Enhancing cooperation and disclosure by manipulating affiliation and developing rapport in investigative interviews. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 25(2), 104-115

  14. 14. Brimbal, L., Kleinman, S. M., Oleszkiewicz, J. S., & Meissner, C. A. (2019). Developing rapport and trust in the interrogative context: An empirically supported alternative. In S. J. Barela, M. Fallon, G. Gaggioli, J. D. Ohlin (Eds.), Interrogation and torture: Integrating efficacy with law and morality (pp. 141-196). Oxford University Press

  15. Brimbal, L., Meissner, C. A, Kleinman, S. M., Phillips, E. L., Atkinson, D. J., Dianiska, R. E., Rothweiler, J., Oleszkiewicz, S., & Jones, M.S. (2021). Evaluating the benefits of an evidence-based approach to investigative interviewing: A training study with law enforcement investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 45(1), 55-67

  16. Bull, R. (2013). What is "believed" or actually "known" about characteristics that may contribute to being a good/effective interviewer? Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 5(2), 128-143

  17. Catlin, M., Wilson, D. B., Redlich, A. D., Bettens, T., Meissner, C. A., Bhatt, S., & Brandon, S. (2023). PROTOCOL: Interview and interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: An update and extension. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 19, e1314

  18. Christiansen, P., Alison, L., & Alison, E. (2018). Well begun is half done: Interpersonal behaviours in distinct field interrogations with high-value detainees. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 23(1), 68-84

  19. Dando, C. J., & Ormerod, T. C. (2020). Noncoercive human intelligence gathering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(8), 1435-1448

  20. 20. Davis, D., Soref, A., Villalobos, J. G., & Mikulincer, M. (2016). Priming states of mind can affect disclosure of threatening self-information: Effects of self-affirmation, mortality salience, and attachment orientations. Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 351-361. 

  21. Dawson, E., Hartwig, M., & Brimbal, L. (2015). Interviewing to elicit information: Using priming to promote disclosure. Law and Human Behavior, 39(5), 443-450. 

  22. Dawson, E., Hartwig, M., Brimbal, L., & Denisenkov, P. (2017). A room with a view: Setting influences information disclosure in investigative interviews. Law and Human Behavior, 41(4). 333-343. 

  23. Deeb, H., Vrij, A., & Leal, S. (2020). The effects of a model statement on information elicitation and deception detection in multiple interviews. Acta Psychologica, 207, 103080. 

  24. Deeb, H., Vrij, A., Leal, S., & Burkhardt, J. (2021). The effects of sketching while narrating on information elicitation and deception detection in multiple interviews. Acta Psychologica, 213, 103236. 

  25. Deeb, H., Vrij, A., Leal, S., & Mann, S. (2021). Combining the model statement and the sketching while narrating interview techniques to elicit information and detect lies in multiple interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(6), 1478-1491. 

  26. Deeb, H., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Fallon, M., Mann, S., Luther, K., & Granhag, P. A. (2022). Sketching routes to elicit information and cues to deceit. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(5), 1049-1059. 

  27. Deeb, H., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., & Burkhardt, J. (2022). The model sketch for enhancing lie detection and eliciting information. Brain Sciences, 12(9). 

  28. Dhami, M. K., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Desai, S. (2017). Development of an information sheet providing rapport advice for interpreters in police interviews. Police Practice and Research, 18(3), 291-305. 

  29. Dhami, M. K., Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N., Cheung, S., & Belton, I. (2020). Disengaging and rehabilitating high-value detainees: A small-scale qualitative study. Journal for Deradicalization, 22, 50-79.  

  30. Dianiska, R. E., Swanner, J. K., Brimbal, L., and Meissner, C. A. (2021). Using disclosure, common ground, and verification to build rapport and elicit information. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 27(3), 107-115. 

  31. Doherty, S., Martschuk, N., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Hale, S. (2022). An eye-movement analysis of overt visual attention during consecutive and simultaneous interpreting modes in a remotely interpreted investigative interview. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 764460. 

  32. Driskell, J. E. (2012). Effectiveness of deception detection training: A meta-analysis. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 18(8), 713-731. 

  33. Driskell, J. E., & Driskell, T. (2013). Gathering information in field settings: A social dynamics approach. The Military Psychologist, 28(3), 9-13. 

  34. Driskell, J. E., King, J., & Driskell, T. (2014). Conducting applied experimental research. In M. Webster, Jr., & J. Sell (Eds.), Laboratory experiments in the social sciences (pp. 451-472). Elsevier Academic Press. 

  35. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E., & Driskell, T. (2012). Social indicators of deception. Human Factors, 54(4), 577-588. 

  36. Driskell, T., & Salas, E. (2015). Investigative interviewing: Harnessing the power of the team. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19(4), 273-289. 

  37. Driskell, T., Blickensderfer, E. L., & Salas, E. (2013). Is three a crowd? Examining rapport in investigative interviews. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17(1), 1- 13. 

  38. Duke, M. C., Wood, J. M., Bollin, B., Scullin, M., & LaBianca, J. (2018). Development of the rapport scales for investigative interviews and interrogations (RS3i), interviewee version. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24(1), 64-79. 

  39. Duke, M. C., Wood, J. M., Bollin, B., Scullin, M., & LaBianca, J. (2018). Rapport scales for investigative interviews and interrogations-interviewee version (RS3i) [Inventory/Questionnaire]. PsycTESTS. 

  40. Duke, M. C., Wood, J. M., Magee, J., & Escobar, H. (2018). The effectiveness of army field manual interrogation approaches for educing information and building rapport. Law and Human Behavior, 42(5), 442-457. 

  41. Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Gelfand, M. J., Crippa, F., Suttora, C., Stillwell, A., Asbrock, F., Aycan, Z., Bye, H. H., Carlsson, R., Björklund, F., Dagher, M., Geller, A., Larsen, C.A., Abdel Latif, A. H., Mähönen, T. A., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Teymoori, A. (2017). Ambivalent stereotypes link to peace, conflict, and inequality across 38 nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(4), 669-674. 

  42. Evans, J. R., & Michael, S. W. (2014). Detecting deception in non-native English speakers. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 226-237. 

  43. Evans, J. R., Houston, K. A., Meissner, C. A., Ross, A. B., Labianca, J. R., Woestehoff, S. A., & Kleinman, S. M. (2014). An empirical evaluation of intelligence-gathering interrogation techniques from the United States Army Field Manual. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 867-875. 

  44. Evans, J. R., Meissner, C. A., Brandon, S. E., Russano, M. B., & Kleinman, S. M. (2010). Criminal versus HUMINT interrogations: The importance of psychological science to improving interrogative practice. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 38(1-2), 215-249. 

  45. Evans, J. R., Meissner, C. A., Ross, A. B., Houston, K. A., Russano, M. B., & Horgan, A. J. (2013). Obtaining guilty knowledge in human intelligence interrogations: Comparing accusatorial and information-gathering approaches with a novel experimental paradigm. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(2), 83-88. 

  46. Evans, J. R., Michael, S. W., Meissner, C. A., & Brandon, S. E. (2013). Validating a new assessment method for deception detection: Introducing a psychologically based credibility assessment tool. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 33-41. 

  47. Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Jang, M., & Jo, E. (2014). Drop the small talk when establishing baseline behaviour in interviews. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 11(3), 244-252. 

  48. Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Jo, E., & Fisher, R. P. (2016). The effect of interpreters on eliciting information, cues to deceit and rapport. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(2), 286-304. 

  49. Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Jo, E., Shaboltas, A., Ivanova, M., Granskaya, J., & Houston, K. (2016). Using the model statement to elicit information and cues to deceit from native speakers, non-native speakers, and those talking through an interpreter. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(6), 854-862. 

  50. Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Mann, S., & Leal, S. (2016). Using the reverse order technique with nonnative speakers or through an interpreter. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(2), 242- 249. 

  51. Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Mann, S., Leal, S., Jo, E., & Houston, K. (2017). The effect of the presence and seating position of an interpreter on eliciting information and cues to deceit. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 23(2), 180-200. 

  52. Fisher, R. P., Mosser, A. E., Molinaro, P., & Satin, G. E. (2015). Cognitive interview techniques. In A. E. O'Reilly & A. D. Pass (Eds.), Forensic science (pp. 244-247). Salem Press.

  53. Fisher, R. P., Schreiber Compo, N., Rivard, J., & Hirn, D. (2014). Interviewing witnesses. In T.J. Perfect & D.S. Lindsay (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of applied memory (pp. 559-578). SAGE Publications Ltd. 

  54. Fiske, S. T., & Durante, F. (2016). Stereotype content across cultures: Variations on a few themes. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Y. Chiu, & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology: Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 209-258). Oxford University Press.

  55. Geiselman, R. E., & Fisher, R. P. (2014). Interviewing witnesses and victims. In M. St.-Yves (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: The essentials (pp. 29-62). Carswell Publishers.

  56. Gelfand, M. J., Severance, L., Lee, T., Bruss, C. B., Lun, J., Abdel-Latif, A. H., Al-Moghazy, A. A., & Ahmed, S. M. (2015). Culture and getting to yes: The linguistic signature of creative agreements in the United States and Egypt. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(7), 967-989. 

  57. Giebels, E., Oostinga, M. S., Taylor, P. J., & Curtis, J. L. (2017). The cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance impacts police–civilian interaction. Law and Human Behavior, 41(1), 93-102. 

  58. Giolla, E. M., & Luke, T. J. (2021). Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 385-392. 

  59. Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2016). Insights on investigative interviewing from practitioners and suspects in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. In D. Walsh, G. E. Oxburgh, A. D. Redlich, & T. Myklebust (Eds.), International developments and practices in investigative interviewing and interrogation: Suspects (Vol. 2, pp. 18- 33). Routledge Press.

  60. Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Howes, L. M. (2016). Social persuasion to develop rapport in high stakes interviews: Qualitative analyses of Asian-Pacific practices. Policing and Society, 26(3), 270-290. 

  61. Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Howes, L. M. (2019). High-stakes interviews and rapport development: Practitioners’ perceptions of interpreter impact. Policing and Society, 29(1), 100-117. 

  62. Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Martschuk, N. (2016). Risks and benefits of interpreter-mediated police interviews. Varstvoslovje: Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 18(4), 451-471. 

  63. Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Martschuk, N. (2020). Securing reliable information in investigative interviews: Coercive and noncoercive strategies preceding turning points. Police Practice and Research, 21(2), 152-171. 

  64. Goodman-Delahunty, J., Corbo-Crehan, A., & Brandon, S. (2022). The ethical practice of police psychology. In P. Marques & N. Paulino (Eds.), Police psychology: New trends in forensic science (pp. 3-21). Elsevier Academic Press. 

  65. Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N., & Dhami, M. K. (2014). Interviewing high value detainees: Securing cooperation and disclosures. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 883-897. 

  66. Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N., Hale, S. B., & Brandon, S. E. (2020). Interpreted police interviews: A review of contemporary research. In M. Miller and B. Bornstein (Eds.), Advances in psychology and law (Vol. 5, pp. 83-136). Springer. 

  67. Goodman-Delahunty, J., O’Brien, K., & Gumbert-Jourjon, T. (2013). Police professionalism in interviews with high value detainees: Cross-cultural endorsement of procedural justice. The Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies, 13, 65-82.

  68. Granhag, P. A., Giolla, E. M., Sooniste, T., Stromwall, L., & Liu-Jonsson, M. (2016). Discriminating between statements of true and false intent: The impact of repeated interviews and strategic questioning. Journal of Applied Security Research, 11(1), 1- 17. 

  69. Granhag, P. A., Kleinman, S. M., & Oleszkiewicz, S. (2016). The Scharff technique: On how to effectively elicit intelligence from human sources. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 29(1), 132-150. 

  70. Granhag, P. A., Montecinos, S. C., & Oleszkiewicz, S. (2015). Eliciting intelligence from sources: The first scientific test of the Scharff technique. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(1), 96-113. 

  71. Granhag, P. A., Oleszkiewicz, S., & Kleinman, S. (2016). Eliciting information from small cells of sources. Journal of Policing, Intelligence, and Counter Terrorism, 11(2), 143- 162. 

  72. Granhag, P. A., Oleszkiewicz, S., Stromwall, L. A., & Kleinman, S. M. (2015). Eliciting intelligence with the Scharff technique: Interviewing more and less cooperative and capable sources. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(1), 100-110. 

  73. Hale, S., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Martschuk, N. (2019). Interpreter performance in police interviews: Differences between trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals. Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 13(2), 107-131. 

  74. Hale, S., Goodman-Delahunty, J., & Martschuk, N. (2020). Interactional management in a simulated police interview: Interpreters’ strategies. In M. Mason & F. Rock (Eds.). The discourse of police investigation (pp. 200-226). University of Chicago Press.

  75. Hale, S., Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N., & Doherty, S. (2022). The effects of mode on interpreting performance in a simulated police interview. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 17(2), 264-286. 

  76. Hale, S., Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N., & Lim, J. (2022). Does interpreter location make a difference? A study of remote vs face-to-face interpreting in simulated police interviews. Interpreting, 24(2), 221-253. 

  77. Hale, S., Martschuk, N., Goodman-Delahunty, J., Taibi, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Interpreting profanity in police interviews. Multilingua, 39(4), 369-393.  

  78. Harvey, A. C., Vrij, A., Hope, L., Leal, S., & Mann, S. (2017). A stability bias effect among deceivers. Law and Human Behavior, 41(6), 519-529. 

  79. Harvey, A. C., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Deeb, H., Hope, L., & Mann, S. (2020). Amplifying recall after delays via initial interviewing: Inoculating truth-tellers' memory as a function of encoding quality. Acta Psychologica, 209, 103130. 

  80. Harvey, A. C., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Hope, L., & Mann, S. (2017). Deception and decay: Verbal lie detection as a function of delay and encoding quality. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(3), 306-318. 

  81. Harvey, A. C., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Hope, L., & Mann, S. (2019). Amplifying deceivers’ flawed metacognition: Encouraging disclosures after delays with a model statement. Acta Psychologica, 200, 102935. 

  82. Horgan, A. J., Russano, M. B., Meissner, C. A., & Evans, J. R. (2012). Minimization and maximization techniques: Assessing the perceived consequences of confessing and confession diagnosticity. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 18(1), 65-78. 

  83. Houston, K. A., Russano, M. B., & Ricks, E. P. (2017). "Any friend of yours is a friend of mine": Investigating the utilization of an interpreter in an investigative interview. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 23(5), 413-426. 

  84. Hwang, H. C., & Matsumoto, D. (2014). Detecting deception: Are you being lied to? Tactics and Preparedness, 6, 6-7. 

  85. Hwang, H. C., & Matsumoto, D. (2014). Sender ethnicity differences in lie detection accuracy and confidence. GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS), 3(2), 15-19. 

  86. Hwang, H. C., & Matsumoto, D. (2020). The effects of liking on informational elements in investigative interviews. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 17(3), 280-295. 

  87. Hwang, H. C., Matsumoto, D., & Sandoval, V. (2016). Linguistic cues of deception across multiple language groups in a mock crime context. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 13(1), 56-69. 

  88. Izotovas, A., Vrij, A., Hope, L., Mann, S., Granhag, P. A., & Stromwall, L. A. (2018). Facilitating memory-based lie detection in immediate and delayed interviewing: The role of mnemonics. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(5), 561-574. 

  89. Izotovas, A., Vrij, A., Strömwall, L. A., & Mann, S. (2020). Facilitating memory-based lie detection in immediate and delayed interviewing: The role of sketch mnemonic. Psichologija, 61, 68-89. 

  90. Jackson, J. C., Choi, V. K., & Gelfand, M. J. (2019). Revenge: A multilevel review and synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 319-345. 

  91. Jackson, J. C., Gelfand M. J., Ayub, N., & Wheeler J. (2020). Together from afar: Introducing a diary contact technique for improving intergroup relations. Behavioral Science & Policy, 5(1), 15-33. 

  92. Kelly, C. E., & Valencia, E. J. (2021). You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 23(1), 42-54. 

  93. Kelly, C. E., Abdel-Salam, S., Miller, J. C., & Redlich, A. D. (2015). Social Identity and the perceived effectiveness of interrogation methods. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 7(2), 24-42. 

  94. Kelly, C. E., Dawson, E., & Hartwig, M. (2021). Context manipulation in police interviews: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 17(1), 67-86. 

  95. Kelly, C. E., Meehan, N., Mcclary, M., & Jenaway, E. M. (2021). Just a normal conversation: Investigative interviews in a county jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(8), 1166- 1184. 

  96. Kelly, C. E., Miller, J. C., & Redlich, A. D. (2016). The dynamic nature of interrogation. Law and Human Behavior, 40(3), 295-309. 

  97. Kelly, C. E., Miller, J. C., Redlich, A. D., & Kleinman, S. M. (2013). A taxonomy of interrogation methods. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(2), 165-178. 

  98. Kelly, C. E., Redlich, A. D., & Miller, J. C. (2015). Examining the meso-level domains of the interrogation taxonomy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(2), 179-191. 

  99. Kelly, C. E., Russano, M. B., Miller, J. C., & Redlich, A. D. (2019). On the road (to admission): Engaging suspects with minimization. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 25(3), 166-180. 

  100. Kelly, C.E., Jenaway, E.M., Kyong-McClain, A., McClary, M., & Meehan, N. (2024). The resister, the talker and the confessor: A closer look at suspect responses in investigative interviews. Journal of Investigative Psycoholgy and Offender Profiling. Advanced online publication. 

  101. Krizan, Z., Miller, A. J., & Meissner, C. A. (2021). Sleep and interrogation: Does losing sleep impact criminal history disclosure? Sleep, 44(10), 1-9. 

  102. Krizan, Z., Miller, A. J., Meissner, C. A., & Jones, M. (2023). The impact of alertness vs. fatigue on interrogators in an actigraphic study of field investigations. Scientific Reports, 13

  103. Leal, S., Vrij, A., Warmelink, L., Vernham, Z., & Fisher, R. P. (2015). You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(1), 129-146. 

  104. Leins, D. A. (2019). Using baseline to diagnose internal states? Listen closely. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 16(2), 138-149. 

  105. Leins, D. A., & Zimmerman, L. A. (2019). Navigating the interview: Judgment and decision making in investigative interviewing. In J. J. Dickinson, N. S. Compo, R. N. Carol, B. L. Schwartz, & M. R. MCauley (Eds.), Evidence-based investigative interviewing: Applying cognitive principles (pp. 156-176). Routledge Press. 

  106. Leins, D. A., Fisher, R. P., & Ross, S. J. (2013). Exploring liars’ strategies for creating deceptive reports. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18(1), 141-151. 

  107. Leins, D. A., Fisher, R. P., & Vrij, A. (2012). Drawing on liars’ lack of cognitive flexibility: Detecting deception through varying report modes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 601-607. 

  108. Leins, D. A., Fisher, R. P., Pludwinski, L., Rivard, J., & Robertson, B. (2014). Interview protocols to facilitate human intelligence sources' recollections of meetings. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 926-935. 

  109. Leins, D. A., Zimmerman, L. A., & Zabecki, J. M. (2017). An exploration of interpreter performance in intelligence gathering interviews. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 8(1), 44-58.

  110. Levine, T. R., Clare, D. D., Blair, J. P., MCornack, S., Morrison, K., & Park, H. S. (2014). Expertise in deception detection invloves actively prompting diagnostic information rather than passive behavioral observation. Human Communication Research, 40(4), 442-462. 

  111. Luke, T. J., & Granhag, P. A. (2023). The Shift-of-Strategy (SoS) approach: Using evidence strategically to influence suspects’ counter-interrogation strategies. Psychology, Crime & Law, 29(7), 696-721. 

  112. Luke, T. J. (2021). A meta-analytic review of experimental tests of the interrogation technique of Hanns Joachim Scharff. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 360-373. 

  113. Luke, T. J., Dawson, E., Hartwig, M., & Granhag, P. A. (2014). How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 876-882. 

  114. Luke, T. J., Hartwig, M., Brimbal, L., Chan, G., Jordan, S., Joseph, E., Osborne, J., & Granhag, P. A. (2013). Interviewing to elicit cues to deception: Improving strategic use of evidence with general-to-specific framing of evidence. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 28(1), 54-62. 

  115. Luke, T. J., Hartwig, M., Joseph, E., Brimbal, L., Chan, G., Dawson, E., Jordan, S., Donovan, P., & Granhag, P. A. (2016). Training in the Strategic Use of Evidence technique: Improving deception detection accuracy of American law enforcement officers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31(4), 270-278. 

  116. Luke, T. J., Hartwig, M., Shamash, B., & Granhag, P. A. (2016). Countermeasures against the strategic use of evidence technique: Effects on suspects' strategies. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 13(2), 131-147. 

  117. Mann, S., Vrij, A., Shaw, D. J., Leal, S., Ewens, S., Hillman, J., Granhag, P. A., & Fisher, R. P. (2013). Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18(2), 324-340. 

  118. Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2015). Differences in word usage by truth tellers and liars in written statements and an investigative interview after a mock crime. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 12(2), 199-216. 

  119. Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2018). Social influence in investigative interviews: The effects of reciprocity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(2), 163-170. 

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