This background briefing serves to inform institutions of higher education (IHE) on the threats, tactics, and terminology associated with foreign malign influence, as well as highlight the detrimental impact the malign activity has on efforts to partner with foreign universities, create a welcoming environment for international students, and foster freedom of expression and the advancement of human knowledge through research. The document also briefly defines misappropriation of research and transnational repression as distinct issues of concern for IHEs.