• Access control: Police patrolled the park to remove offenders with no legitimate reason for entering the area (e.g., individuals there after hours or conducting vandalism).
• Deflect offenders: Police discouraged loitering and diverted criminals from crime targets (i.e., drug and illegal alcohol violations).
• Control facilitators: The community posted signs listing rules, regulations, and ordinances.
• Formal surveillance: The police used a closed-circuit television system to monitor the park area.
• Natural surveillance: Community members pruned shrubbery, removed broken glass and graffiti around the park, and created a highly groomed and maintained area, which helped curb vandalism.
• Coordination: In addition to requesting cooperation from parents and school officials, police asked the telephone company to remove the pay phone in the park and requested the railroad authority to clean and maintain their property adjacent to the park.

Develop Plans
Working plans identify the steps and procedures necessary for the accomplishment of goals and objectives. They should remain specific, yet flexible, and identify the terms, steps, and procedures necessary to accomplish the objectives. Once developed, managers should assign working plans to individual teams or officers. During this phase, leadership and motivational factors
begin to influence productivity. Work plans should include numerous tasks. For example, conducting a preliminary study where
a criminal analyst or Neighborhood Watch members can administer the first preassessment opinion survey to the target and control group areas (e.g., local apartment complexes or residences adjacent to the target area). Within a 30-day time period,
analysts should gather and assess the data and develop remedial action plans. Within 1 year after the initial survey, they should administer a follow-up study to check the progress and to analyze the response phase remedial actions and treatments in the target and control group areas. Next, they should compare and contrast citizen results with the preassessment and post-assessment surveys to determine whether improvements concerning crime prevention and public opinion have changed.

Evaluate Methods
Excellent research and statistical for designing and implementing appropriate survey methods. Agencies must follow the mandated requirements to ensure reliability and validity; otherwise, they may have to return the federal or state funds. Agencies must remember that the money is not discretionary, but rather allocated for a specific purpose. Excellent research justifies the grant’s outcomes and financial expenditures.

Conclusion
To achieve a successful outcome, police managers who apply for grants must follow certain basic steps in evaluation research, which should follow the SARA evaluation/research process. Successful grants must start with the identification of a problem and the methodical filing of the grant application. Police managers must remember that evaluation constitutes the primary means for improving decision making and future programming.

A police executive’s ability to achieve grant financial support remains a strategic component in successful modern-day policing.
Improving grantsmanship skills and using competent consultants and evaluators can prove most valuable in assisting police managers to meet the mandated compliance requirements.

Endnotes
1 For example, the Bureau of Justice Assistance provides helpful, free publications that support granstmanship, such as Understanding Community Policing: A Framework for Action; Neighborhood-Oriented Policing in Rural Communities: A Program Planning Guide; and A Police Guide to Surveying Citizens and Their Environment.

2 Herman Goldstein, Problem-Oriented Policing (New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 1990), 50-57.