Defining the problem, gathering crime data, and analyzing the nature and scope of the threat represent natural steps in any problem-oriented policing approach. New forms of criminality do not differ—a lesson law enforcement agencies must learn to make computer crime count.

Endnotes

     ¹ Andrew Glass, “Warding Off Cyber Threat: “Electronic Pearl Harbor Feared,” The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, June 25, 1998.
     ² Anick Jesdanun, “Internet Attacks Raise Concerns About Risks of Growth,” San Francisco Examiner, February 14, 2000.
     ³ Michael Zuckerman, “Love Bug Stole Computer Passwords,” USA Today, May 10, 2000.
    ⁴ Jodi Mardesich, “Laws Across the Country Become Relevant in Connected World: Jurisdiction at Issue in Net Legal Cases,” San Jose Mercury News, October 8, 1996, 1E.
     ⁵ Catherine H. Conly, Organizing for Computer Crime Investigation and Prosecution, National Institute of Justice, July 1989, 6.
     ⁶ These countries, several major industrial nations in the world, include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy, and Russia.
     ⁷ “International Review of Criminal Policy: United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer-Related Crime,” United Nations Crime and Justice Information Network Vienna: United Nations, 1994.  
    ⁸ Tina Kelley, “Security Fears Still Plague Cybershopping,” The New York Times, July 30, 1998, G5; Michael Stroh, “Online Dangers, Offspring Protection; Security: Parents Can Find Allies on the Family Computer to Protect their Children from Harm on the Internet,” The Baltimore Sun, May 10, 1999, 1C.
     ⁹ M.E. Kabay, “ISCA White Paper on Computer Crime Statistics,” International Computer Security Association (1998), http:// www.icsa.net/html/library/whitepapers/ index.shtml; accessed November 8, 2000.
     ¹⁰ P.A. Collier and B.J. Spaul, “Problems in Policing Computer Crime,” Policing and Society 307, no. 2 (1992).
     ¹¹ Larry Kamer, “Crisis Mode: It’s About Values,” The San Francisco Examiner, February 23, 2000, A15.
     ¹² Carri Kirbie, “Hunting for the Hackers: Reno Opens Probe Into Attacks That Disabled Top Web Sites,” The San Francisco Chronicle, February 10, 2000, A1.
     ¹³ “7 Days: Web Attacks Raise Security Awareness,” Computing, February 17, 2000, 17.
     ¹⁴ R. Power, “2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey,” Computer Security Issues and Trends 6, No. 1, Spring 2000.
     ¹⁵ These three themes provide the basis for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and are included in most textbooks, legislative acts, and media articles on computer crime. The OECD document is available at http://www.oecd.org//dsti/sti/it/secur/prod/reg97-2.htm; accessed November 8, 2000.
     ¹⁶ Based upon research conducted by the author.
     ¹⁷ For further information, see http:// conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/ cadreprojets.htm.
     ¹⁸ U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States (Washington, DC, 1999).
     ¹⁹ In the summary program, law enforcement agencies tally the number of occurrences of the offenses, as well as arrest data, and submit aggregate counts of the collected data in monthly summary reports either directly to the FBI or indirectly through state UCR programs.
     ²⁰ In NIBRS, law enforcement agencies collect detailed data regarding individual crime incidents and arrests and submit them in separate reports using prescribed data elements and data values to describe each incident and arrest.
    ²¹ NIBRS provides the capability to indicate whether a computer was the object of the crime and to indicate whether the offenders used computer equipment to perpetrate a crime. This ensures the continuance of the traditional crime statistics and, at the same time, “flags” incidents involving computer crime. For additional information on NIBRS, contact the NIBRS Program Coordinator, Criminal Justice Information Services, 1-888-827-6427.
     ²² Jerry Seper, “Justice Sets Up Web Site to Combat Internet Crimes,” The Washington Times, May 9, 2000, A6, www.ifccfbi.gov; November 8, 2000.

For further information regarding computer crime, contact the author at digitalpolice@yahoo.com.

Clarification
The article, "Police Pursuits and Civil Liability," which appeared in the July 2001 issue, contained an error. The last sentence of the third paragraph on page 19 should read as follows:

The majority, however, concluded that the police conduct in this case did not "shock the conscience" and ruled in favor of the police.