Hair Bibliography for the Forensic Scientist by Houck (Forensic Science Communications, January 2002)
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January 2002 - Volume 4 - Number 1 |
Research and Technology
Hair Bibliography for the Forensic Scientist
Max M. Houck
Physical Scientist
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Trace Evidence Unit
Washington, DC
Abstract | Introduction | References | Bibliography
One of the tenets of the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 1993 decision is that the discipline in question must have general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. This acceptance, based in large part on published literature, goes the breadth and depth of the discipline’s scientific foundation. This paper offers a limited bibliography of literature about hair, its biology, and the forensic applications of microscopic hair comparisons. It is hoped that this listing will provide some assistance to forensic hair examiners who are seeking information and support for courtroom forensic challenges.
The science of microscopic hair examination has been regularly practiced for over 60 years. It combines fundamental aspects of microscopy, biology, anthropology, and zoology. Forensic hair examiners must be adequately trained in the those disciplines as well as in areas relevant to cosmetics, medicine, and environmental effects in order to properly identify and compare hairs by their microscopic characteristics (Deadman 1985). In criminal and civil cases, hair can be an important type of physical evidence. As P. L. Kirk noted,
“Hair is extremely important as physical evidence. It must be collected in every case in which it occurs, and subjected to thorough study. The laboratory investigator who examines it must have a broad knowledge of the general nature of hair and a reasonable amount of detailed experience in its examination. Except for certain simple preliminary examinations…it is dangerous to depend on any but expert study of hair found in evidence.” (Kirk and Thornton 1994 p. 143).
Part of this training is the review and study of pertinent literature on hairs and their microscopic examination. The use of peer review and publication is paramount to science, especially the purging of so-called “junk science” (Huber 1991), and is one of the planks of the Daubert ruling (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 1993). “Peer review by scientific journals is but one essential part of the complex enterprise of scientific research” and whereas peer review is not flawless, “it is hard to image how we could get along without it” (Relman and Angell 1989, p. 828). Making one’s results public “is a component of good professional practice because it increases the likelihood that substantive flaws in methodology will be exposed” (Thornton 1994).
This bibliography is not comprehensive, but it should provide the beginner as well as the expert with a ready reference for training, review, and research. It addresses scientific articles that pertain to the biology, microscopic characteristics, or forensic examination of hairs. These references, in general, do not include those relating to the DNA analysis of hair (either nuclear or mitochondrial), transfer or persistence (unless it relates specifically to hairs and not other trace evidence), or legal articles.
Only references in English are listed; admittedly, this ignores the long history of literature in other languages concerning hair (for example, see the bibliography to Trotter’s 1938 article). For a broader range of references, the reader should consult the landmark chapters such as Bisbing 1982 or the review articles (Seta, Sato, and Miyake 1988, is an excellent example with 632 references). Please note that two series of volumes of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology have been published. The first series ran for 29 volumes (often denoted in Roman numerals) from the years 1918 to 1942. The second series began in 1943 and continues into the present. Whereas every effort has been made for accuracy, any errors are those of the author.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 US, 579 (1993).
Huber, P. W. Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. Basic Books, New York, 1991.
Kirk, P. L. and Thornton, J. I. Crime Investigation. Wiley, New York, 1994.
Relman, A. S. and Angell, M. How good is peer review?, New England Journal of Medicine (1989) 321(12):827-829.
Thornton, J. I. Courts of Law v. Courts of Science: A Forensic Scientist’s Reaction to Daubert, Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence Quarterly (1994) 1:475-485.
Don’t miss a hair, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1976) 45(5):9-15.
From bad to worse: Hair today, scorned tomorrow, Science Sleuthing (1997) 21:11-15.
Laboratory solves variety of crimes with animal hairs, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1960) 29(3):18-20.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forensic Hair Comparisons. FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, June 25-27, 1985.
Abbie, A. A. and Adey, W. R. Pigmentation in a Central American tribe with special reference to fair-headedness, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1953) 11:339-359.
Adorjon, A. S. and Kolenosky, G. B. Manual for the identification of hairs of selected Ontario mammals. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests Research, Report 90, 1969.
Aitken, C. G. G. and Robertson, J. Contribution to the discussion of probabilities and human hair comparison, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1987) 32:684-689.
Aitken, C. G. G. and Robertson, J. The value of microscopic features in the examination of human head hairs: Statistical analysis of questionnaire returns, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1986) 31:546-562.
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Appleyard, H. M. Guide to the Identification of Animal Fibers. Wool Industries Research Association, Leeds, England, 1960.
Assarian, G. and Oberleas, D. Effect of washing procedures on trace element content of hair, Clinical Chemistry (1971) 23(9):1771-1772.
Barker, D. G. Factor analysis of body hair distributions, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1976) 44:27-30.
Barnett, P. D. and Ogle, A. B. Probabilities and human hair comparison, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1982) 27:272-278.
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Bate, L. G. Absorption and elution of trace elements on human hair, International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes (1966) 17:417-423.
Beeman, J. Scale count of human hair, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science (1941) 32:572-574.
Bhat, G. R. and Lukenbach, E. R. Green hair problem: A preliminary investigation, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (1979) 30:1-8.
Bhatia, R., Rao, K., and Rao, V. Some aspects of morphological examination and individualization of human scalp hair, Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences (1972) 11(2):31-36.
Birbeck, M. S. C. and Mercer, E. H. Structure and formation of pigment granules in human hair, Experimental Cell Research (1956) 10:505-514.
Bisbing, R. E. Forensic identification and association of human hair. In: Forensic Science Handbook. Volume 1, R. Saferstein, ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1982, pp. 184-221.
Bisbing, R. E. Post-depositional changes in human hair resulting in hair comparison errors, Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (1987) 20:239.
Bisbing, R. E. and Wolner, M. F. Microscopical discrimination of twins’ head hair, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1984) 29:780-786.
Bogaty, H. J. Differences between adult and childrens’ hair, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (1969) 20:159-171.
Bonnischsen, R. and Schneider, A. L. Roots, Sciences (1995) May-June:26-31.
Bost, R. O. Hair analysis: Perspectives and limits of a proposed forensic method of proof: A review, Forensic Science International (1993) 63:31-42.
Bottoms, E. and Wyatt, E. Progressive changes in cuticular pattern along the shafts of human hair seen by scanning electron microscopy, British Journal of Dermatology (1972) 86:379-384.
Brace, C. L. Region does not mean race: Reality versus convention in forensic anthropology, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1995) 40:29-33.
Brenner, L. and Squires, P. L. Measurement of human hair oxidation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1985) 13:420-426.
Brown, A. C. Congenital hair defects, Birth Defects: Original Article Series (1971) 7:52-68.
Brown, A. C. and Belser, R. B. Congenital hair defect: Trichoschisis with alternating birefringence and low sulfur content, Journal of Investigative Dermatology (1970) 54:496-509.
Brown, F. M. Study of mammalian hair for anthropologists, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1942) 85:250-274.
Brown, S. E. and Erickson, N. E. Chronology of hairs and fibers as evidence in Canada, Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (1978) 11:185-193.
Brunner, H. and Coman, B. J. Identification of Mammalian Hair. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia, 1974.
Cage, P. E. and Evett, I. W. Computer method to assist in discrimination between dog and cat hairs, Home Office Central Research Establishment Report 401, 1981.
Camps, F. E. ed. Gradwohl’s Legal Medicine. Wright, Bristol, England, 1968, pp. 221-232.
Chase, H. B. Growth of the hair, Physiological Review (1954) 34:113-126.
Chase, H. B. and Eaton, G. J. Growth of hair follicles in waves, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1959) 83:365-368.
Chase, H. B. and Silver, A. F. Biology of hair growth, Biological Basis of Medicine (1969) 6:3-19.
Chowdhuri, S. and Bhattacharyya, B. Paired medulla in human hair, Current Science (1964) 33:748-749.
Clement, J. L. and Hagege, R. New concepts about hair identification revealed by electron microscope studies, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1981) 26:447-458.
Clement, J. L. and LePareaux, A. The specificity of the ultrastructure of the human hair medulla, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1982) 22:396-398.
Cooper, Z. Relation of the endocrine glands to the growth and distribution of hair, Archives of Dermatology and Syphylology 21:1007-1029.
Cornelis, R. Is it possible to identify individuals by neutron activation analysis of hair: Failure of a mission, Medicine, Science and the Law (1972) 12(3):188-194.
Cornelis, R. Neutron activation analysis of hair: Failure of a mission, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry (1973) 15:305-316.
Cotlington, E., Kissenger, R., and Tolgyesi, W. Observations on female scalp hair population, distribution, and diameter, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (1977) 28:219-229.
Danforth, C. H. Hair, Natural History (1926) 26:75-79.
Danforth, C. H. Physiology of human hair, Physiological Review (1939) 19:94-111.
Das-Chaudhuri, A. B. Genetic basis of hair medulla by twin study, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1976) 44:51-54.
Dearborn, N. Sections aid in identifying hair, Journal of Mammology (1939) 20:346-348.
Dry, F. W. Coat of the mouse, Mus musculus, Journal of Genetics (1926) 16:287-340.
Duggins, O. H. Age changes in head hair from birth to maturity IV: Refractive indices and birefringence of the cuticle of the hair of children, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1950) 8:89-114.
Duggins, O. H. and Trotter, M. Age changes in head hair from birth to maturity II: Medulation in hair of children, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1950) 8:399-415.
Duggins, O. H. and Trotter, M. Changes in morphology of hair during childhood, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1951) 53:560-575.
Dupertuis, C. W., Atkinson, W. B., and Elftman, H. Sex differences in pubic hair distribution, Human Biology (1945) 17:137-142.
Ebling, F. J. Physiology of hair growth, Cosmetic Science (1980) 2:181-232.
Exline, D. Frequency of pubic hair transfer during sexual intercourse, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1998) 43:505-508.
Fouweather, C. and Porter, J. Appraisal of human head hair as forensic evidence, Home Office Central Research Establishment Report 98, 1972.
Francois, J., Mation-Van Leuven, M., and Acosia, J. Male and female sex determination in hair roots, Clinical Genetics (1971) 2:73-77.
Fraser, R. D. B. and Rogers, G. E. Bilateral structure of wool cortex and its relation to crimp, Australian Journal of the Biological Sciences (1955) 8:288-299.
Gamble, L. H. and Kirk, P. L. Human hair studies II: Scale counts, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science (1940) 31:627-636.
Garcia, M. L. and Epps, J. A. Normal cuticle-wear patterns in human hair, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (1978) 29:155-175.
Garn, S. M. Examination of hair under the polarizing microscope, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1951) 53:649-652.
Garn, S. M. Types and distribution of the hair in man, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1951) 53:498-507.
Gaudette, B. D. Collaborative study in forensic hair comparison, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1984) 24:327.
Gaudette, B. D. Evaluation of associative physical evidence, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1986) 26:163-167.
Gaudette, B. D. Forensic hair comparisons, Crime Laboratory Digest (1985) 12:44-59.
Gaudette, B. D. Probabilities and human pubic hair comparisons, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1976) 21:514-517.
Gaudette, B. D. Some further thoughts on probabilities and human hair comparisons, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1978) 23:758-763.
Gaudette, B. D. Strong negative conclusions in hair comparison: A rare event, Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (1985) 18:32-37.
Gaudette, B. D. Supplementary discussion of probabilities and human hair comparisons, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1982) 27:279-289.
Gaudette, B. D. Use of statistics in forensic science, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1987) 27:117-118.
Gaudette, B. D. and Keeping, E. S. An attempt at determining probabilities in human scalp hair comparison, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1974) 19:599-606.
Gaudette, B. D. and Tessarolo, A. A. Secondary transfer of human scalp hair, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1987) 32:1241-1253.
Gerstein, T. Hair-growing innovations: An overview, Cosmetics and Toiletries (1986) 101:21-45.
Gjesdal, F. Investigations of the melanin granules with special consideration of the hair pigment, Acta Pathologica Microbilogica et Immunologica Scandinavica Supplement (1959) 133:1-112.
Gordus, A. Factors affecting the trace-metal content of human hair, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry (1973) 15:29-243.
Greenwell, M. D. and Willner, A. Human hair studies III: Refractive index of crown hair, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science (1940) 31:746-752.
Griffith, J. W. On the colour of the hair: Deceptive appearance under the microscope, London Medical Gazette (New Series) (1848) 7:844-845.
Hackett, E. Hair, Medical Journal of Australia (1984) 141:300-302.
Hamilton, J. B. Patterned hair loss in man: Types and incidences, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1951) 53:708-728.
Hamilton, J. B. Quantitative measurement of a secondary sex character, axillary hair, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1951) 53:585-599.
Han, S. K. and Kamath, Y. K. Diffusion of semipermanent dyestuffs in human hair, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (1985) 36:1-16.
Harding, H. W. J. and Rogers, G. E. Forensic hair comparison in South Australia, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1984) 24:339-340.
Harding, H. W. J. and Rogers, G. E. Molecular mechanisms in the development of hair medulla and inner root sheath, Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (1987) 20:249-250.
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Hausman, L. A. Cortical fusi of mammalian hair shafts, American Naturalist (1932) 65:461-470.
Hausman, L. A. Further studies of the relationships of the structural characters of mammalian hair, American Naturalist (1924) 58:544-557.
Hausman, L. A. Pigment granules of human head hair: A comparative racial study, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1928) 12:273-283.
Hausman, L. A. Pigmentation of the human head hair, American Naturalist (1927) 61:545-554.
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